Fast Radio Burst Breakouts from Magnetar Burst Fireballs

The recent discovery of a Mega-Jansky radio burst occurring simultaneously with short X-ray bursts from the Galactic magnetar (strongly magnetized neutron star (NS)) SGR 1935+2154 is a smoking gun for the hypothesis that some cosmological fast radio bursts (FRBs) arise from magnetar bursts. We argue that the X-ray bursts with high temperature T ≳ 30 keV entail an electron–positron (e±) outflow from a trapped–expanding fireball, polluting the NS magnetosphere before the FRB emission. The e± outflow is opaque to induced Compton scatterings of FRB photons, and is strongly Compton-dragged by the X-ray bursts. Nevertheless, the FRB photons can break out of the e± outflow with radiation forces if the FRB emission radius is larger than a few tens of NS radii. A FRB is choked if the FRB is weaker or the X-ray bursts are stronger, possibly explaining why there are no FRBs with giant flares and no detectable X-ray bursts with weak FRBs. We also speculate that the e± outflow may be inevitable for FRBs, solving the problem of why the FRBs occur only with high-T X-ray bursts. The breakout physics is important for constraining the emission mechanism and electromagnetic counterparts to future FRBs.