Application of Several Nano Carriers to Improve the Solubility and the Bioavailability of Carvedilol

Hypertension (HTN) is one of our eight mortalities worldwide. Approximately one-third of the world's adult population suffers with hypertension (31.1 %, or 1.39 billion people). Hypertension prevalence varies. The World health organization (WHO) Region of the Americas has the lowest prevalence of hypertension (18%) and the WHO African Region has the highest prevalence of hypertension (27%) overall. In Egypt, according to WHO, Egypt estimated adult people suffer from hypertension in 2017 was (29.2%) and in 2020, total percent of death from hypertension (3.93%) of total death. Hypertension is described as disturbance in the circulatory system accompanied by a sustained increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure to a level that is likely to have negative effects. The most popular hypertension types in people are first and second hypertension that need to adjust the life style and taken medications when these types not controlled. Several types of medications can be used to control HTN such as: Diuretics, Angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEIs), Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and beta-blockers (BBs). All of them can be used as individually or in combination with each other to control blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) is one these drugs that used to HTN, classified to (first, second and third generation). carvedilol (CAR) is one of the most popular drugs that used in third generation.it has additional advantages rather than first and second generation that α1 –adrenergic receptors antagonist. CAR belongs to CCBs but has some drawbacks as low solubility, low bioavailability and hepatic metabolism that make it need to be taken several times in the day. Therefore, nano drug delivery system is used to overcome this draw backs, it can encapsulate lipophilic drugs in its core, deliver it to the site of action, enhancement solubility and the bioavailability of this lipophilic drugs. Many literatures published, attempt with several way of loaded CAR lipophilic drug into nanocarriers to increase it solubility, enhance its bioavailability and sustained CAR release compared with pure CAR. This review summarized all recent work that attempt to improve the solubility and bioavailability of CAR.