A pragmatic approach of genotoxic monitoring: the exposure-effect continuum of metalworking fluid with chromium and nickel among machinists at bearing manufacturing industry

A pragmatic approach of human biological monitoring was used to measure the exposure level, and examining the blood and urine metabolites (=exposure biomonitoring) which is complemented by estimating the biological effects (=effect biomonitoring). In this cross-sectional study, a total of 53 exposed machinists who were exposed to chromium and nickel in working metal fluids were recruited. The study aimed to determine the different genotoxic endpoints of the metalworking fluid with chromium and nickel by considering the exposure-effect continuum approach. Result showed that the mean values for both the personal air, blood and urine of chromium and nickel concentrations exceeded the reference value. Linear regression analysis showed that both blood and urine chromium is the significant factors for micronuclei and comet tail length formation among machinists.